Cambridge, University Library, Kk. 3. 18

Title (B.9.6.1): Bede, History of the English Church and Nation, Preface

Incipit: (Fol. 3r/1-2) IC BEDA CRISTES ÐEOǷ AND MÆSSE PREOST . SENDE GRETAN | þone leofastan cyning ˥ halettan ceolƿulf.

Explicit: (Fol. 3v/19-20) ˥ þone leornere ic nu eadmodlice bidde ˥ halsige gif he hƿæt ymbe ðis on | oðre ƿisan ge mete oððe ge hyre þæt he me þæt neotƿite.

Text Language: English

Other versions of the text:

• CCCC 41
• Domitian ix

Date: s. xi2

Hand: Hemming

Decoration: The initial letter 'I' in red ink is set in the left margin, and the first line of the text is written in majuscules. The tironian marks on the first page (fol. 3r) are in black ink, touched with red ink. The second paragraph (fol. 3r/14) also begins with an Initial letter 'I' in red set in the left margin: 'Ic cyðe hƿanan me þas spell coman'. The paragraph is numbered '.ii.' in oxidized red.

Bibliography:

Miller 1959-63, pp. 2-6

Title (B.9.6.7): Genealogy of West Saxon Kings to Alfred

Incipit: (Fol. 3v/21) Ða ƿæs agangen frā cristes acennednysse .cccc. ˥ xciiii. ƿintra þa cerdic

Explicit: (Fol. 4r/21-23) ˥ þreo hund | ˥ six ˥ hund uygantig ƿintra þæs ðe his cyn ærest ƿest seaxna land on | ƿealum ge eodon :;

Text Language: English

Date: s. xi2

Hand: Hemming

Decoration: Two-line height 'Ð' and the chapter number '.iii' in purple.

Bibliography:

Miller 1959-63, pp. 486-88

Title (B.9.6.2): Bede, History of the English Church and Nation, Headings

Rubric (initial): (Fol. 4r/23) INCIPIUNT CAPITULA LIBRI PRIMI ·

Incipit: (Fol. 5r/22-23) ·I· Begesetnysse breotene oððe hibernia scotta ealandes onheora | þam ærran bigengum ·

Explicit: (Fol. 8r/25-26) xxi hƿylc se staðol is on ˥ ƿeard nesse angel cynnes þeode ge eac ealre | bredtone;

Text Language: English

Other versions of the text:

• CCCC 41
• Domitian ix

Date: s. xi2

Hand: Hemming

Note: The end of the line is often marked with ':;'. Chapter numbers in red are usually given in the left margin, apart from chapter one of each book, which is given after the book heading. Fol. 4v has a unique layout, in which the chapter numbers are given after the chapter headings.

Decoration: The beginning of each book is marked with a rubric and a large initial letter. Red colour is often oxidized.

• Beginning of Book 2. Fol. 5r/28-30:

  her endað seo forme boc. ·i· | 

  her onginneð seo oðer boc | 

  Be forðfore þæs eadigan papan gregorius. :; ii

• Beginning of Book 3. Fol. 5v/27-28:
   

  her endað seo oðer boc; And her onginneð seo þridde. ·i· | 

  Ðæt ða forman æfter fyligende eadƿines cyning

• Beginning of Book 4. Fol. 6v/12-14: Ð is in black ink; the inside of the letter is coloured in red.
   

  Her endað seo þridde boc. ·i· | 

  Her onginneð seo feorðe boc | 

  Ðæt te forð feroū deus dedit se arce bishop

• Beginning of Book 5. Fol. 7v/12-13:
   

  Her endað seo feorðe boc. Her onginneð seo fifte boc ·i· | 

  Ðæt æðelƿold scˉe cuðberhtes æfter fyligend

Bibliography:

Miller 1959-63, pp. 6-24

Title: Additions, alterations and glosses: to Book I in the Table of Contents - Bede, History of the English Church and Nation

Text Language: Latin

Date: 1225-50

Hand: Tremulous Hand

Note: Interlinear Latin glosses.

Title (B.9.6.3.EM): Bede, History of the English Church and Nation

Rubric (initial): (Fol. 8v/1-4) GIORIOSISSIMO REGI CEOLǷULFO BEDA FAMULUS XPIˉ ET PRˉB. HISTORIAM | GENTIS ANGLORIUM ECCLESIS TICAM QUAM NUPER EDIDERAM . LIBEN | TISSIME TIBI DESIDERANTI REX ET PRIUS AD LEGENDUM AC PRO | BANDUM TRANS MISI :;

Incipit: (Fol. 8v/5-8) BREOTON IS GARSECGES . EALOND. ÐAT . ǷÆS . | IU GEARA ALBION HATEN IS GESETED BETǷH NORÐDÆLE . AND | ƿest dæle germanie ˥ gallie ˥ his panie þam mæstum dælū europe . | myccle fæce ongegen. (The first two lines are in black ink, touched with red ink.)

Explicit: (Fol. 99r/3-10) Eac þonne ic eadmodlice bidde þæt to eallū ðe þis ylce | stær becyme ures cynnes to rædanne . oððe to gehyranne þæt hi for minum | untrimnessum gemodes gelichoman gelomlice ˥ geornlice þingian mid þa upp | lican arfæstnesse godes ælmihtiges . ˥ ongehƿylcū heora mægðum þas mede | heora edleanes me agife . þæt ic ðe. besyndrigū mægðum oððe þam hyrum stoƿū. | þaðe ic ge mynde ƿyrðe. ˥ þam bigengum þanc ƿyrðe gelyfdon . geornlice | ic tylode to aƿritanne . þæt ic mid eallum ðone ƿæstm arfæstre ðrngunge | ge mete :;

Text Language: English, with a Latin incipit.

Other versions of the text:

• CCCC 41
• BL, Add. 43703 [Nowell transcript of Otho B. xi]
• Domitian ix, fol. 11
• BL, Otho B. xi + Otho B. x, fols 55, 58, 62 + Add. 34652, fol. 2
• Tanner 10
• Oxford, CCC 279, pt. II

Interrogationes Augustini (Miller, 1959-63, pp. 64-88) is placed after Book 3. Referred to as Ca. in Miller 1959-63 and Schipper 1897-99. The text is complete, except for a defect in Book 2; the same defect is in Oxford, CCC 279, pt. II, and it goes back to a common exemplar (See Miller 1959-63, p. 110). A passage in Book 3 is omitted as in Oxford, CCC 279 and Otho B. xi (Miller 1959-63, pp. 210-20).

Date: s. xi2

Hand: Hemming

Note: The rubric on fol. 8v is the beginning of Bede's preface in Latin, in rustic capitals. The initial large capital letter 'B' (fol. 8v/5) is three-line height. The initial two lines (lines 5 and 6) are in rustic capitals and filled with red, and the letter size of the first line is larger than that of the second line. Chapter numbers in red are inserted at the beginning of chapters throughout, and the chapter headings, often in oxidized red or brown, are inserted at chapter breaks in fols 47v-53v, probably by Hemming.

Decoration: Fol. 8v, where the main text begins, is carefully designed.

The beginnings of Books 3, 4, 5 and of each 'Interogatio' and 'Respondit' in Interrogationes Augustini, are marked with coloured initial letters (red, dark brown or purple), and their incipits are in rustic capitals and in red, but the beginning of Book 2 is marked only by a coloured initial letter. Chapter beginnings within books are also marked by coloured large initial letters, and chapter numbers are given in red in rustic capitals.

• Beginning of Book 2. Fol. 17v/15: The book division is marked by a one-line initial capital letter. Some letters in the explicit and incipit are touched in red, but there are no rubrics as such. Purple is oxidized. This book division is not very distinct from chapter divisions.

  oð þisne andƿeardan dæg. her endað seo æreste boc ˥ onginneð seo oðer :; ·I· | 

  Ðyssum tidum þæt is fif ƿinter ˥ syx hund ƿintra æfter þære drihtenlican | 

  menniscnysse.

• Beginning of Book 3. Fol. 28v/19: 'h' in 'her' in the first line is touched in red.

  fædera ƿeg ƿæs fylgende :; her endað seo æftre bóc :; ¶ TERIUS. | 

  INCIPIT ECCLESIASTICĘ HYSTORIA GENTIS ANGLORUM LIBER | 

  ÐA EADǷINE ON ÐAM GEFEOHTE OF SLÆGEN ǷÆS ; ÐA FENG TO | 

  derarice his fæderan sunu ælrices .

• Beginning of Interrogationes Augustini. Fol. 47v/30: Each chapter beginning is marked with a initial letter and also by rubrics which indicate whether it is interoggatio or responsio.

  ˥ her endað seo þridde bóc. :; INTEROGA | 

  TIO BEATI AGUSTINI EPISCOPI CANTU⁁a RIORUM AECCLESIAE :; | 

  EREST BI BISCEOPUM HU HI MID HEORA GEFERŨ DROHTIAN --

• Beginning of Book 4. Fol. 53r/22: The Incipit is in red; and the first line of the text ('ÐY GE MYNEGODAN ... ') is written in black and touched with red dots.

  Ðis syndon ˥ sƿare ðæs eadigan papan sēs gregorius to ge þeahdinge | 

  ˥ togefrignysse þæs arƿurðan bisceopes sēs agustinus :; QUARTUS · | 

  INCIPIT ECCLESIASTICĘ HYSTORIA GENTIS ANGLORIU LIBER | 

  ÐY GE MYNEGODAN GEARE ÐÆRE FORE SPRECENAN SUNNAN · | 

  asprungennysse .

• Beginning of Book 5. Fol. 80v/22:

  INCIPIT ĘCCLESIASTICAE HYSTORIĘ GENTS ANGLORUM LIBER QUINTUS . | 

  ÐA æfter fyligde þā drihtnes ƿere cuðberhte onbigange þæs ancor lifes. | 
   

When the beginning of a sentence coincides with the beginning of a new line, the first letter of the sentence is sometimes offset to the left bounding lines. The 'E' of 'Eft' in fol. 20r is in black but more elaborated, and it has a tail. The upper half of the letter is touched in red. The 'Ð' in fol. 20v is also black, and coloured in red.

Some letters are touched in red. For example in fols 8v, 17v, 46v, 83v.

Bibliography:

EM Project facsimile, CUL Kk.3.18, fol. 8v, fol. 20v, fol. 38v,fol. 84v, fol. 85r, fol. 87v

Miller 1959-63, pp. 24-486

Title (B.27.4.3.EM): Additions, alterations and glosses

Text Language: English

Date: s. xi2

Hand: Hemming

Note: The insertion point is often marked by a caret mark in the shape of a virgule

Title: Additions, alterations and glosses

Text Language: Latin

Date: s. xiiiin

Hand: Pointed hand

Note: The glosses by this hand were added before the Tremulous Hand added glosses to this manuscript (Franzen 1991, p. 82). Only few words are glossed on fol. 67r, starting with the beginning of chapter xxi (line 14).

Bibliography:

EM Project facsimile, CUL Kk.3.18, fol. 8v

Franzen 1991

Roberts 2005, C3 and pp. 100-03

Title: Additions, alterations and glosses

Text Language: Latin

Date: 1225-1250

Hand: Tremulous hand

Note: Latin glosses mostly interlinear, and some in the margins, occur throughout. Particularly heavily glossed up to fol. 12.

Bibliography:

EM Project facsimile, CUL Kk.3.18, fol. 8v

Franzen 1991

Roberts 2005, C3 and pp. 100-03

Title (B.27.1.1.EM): Directions to readers, Scribbles: Coleman: Title to Book 5, Chapter 7

Addition: HV CEADǷALA ǷEST | SÆXENA CINING FOR | LET HIS RICE .' ˥ FOR | TO ROME · ˥ ǷEARS GE | FVLLOD FR Ā SER GIO | PAPA · ˥ EFT · INE CING | dydE ALSǷA ·

Text Language: English

Date: s. xi2

Hand: Coleman

Note: The title is in rustic capitals, and is framed by a L-shaped frame with a concave semi-circle in its corner, typically used by Coleman. It is in brown ink, paler than the ink of the main text.

Bibliography:

EM Project facsimile, CUL Kk.3.18, fol. 84v

Miller 1959-63, II, 505

Title (B.27.1.2.EM): Directions to readers, Scribbles: Coleman: Title to Book 5, Chapter 8

Addition: HV THEODORE ARCE | BISHOP FORS FERDE mid · ˥ BRI | ǷALD FENG TO ÞĀ ICA

Text Language: English

Date: s. xi2

Hand: Coleman

Note: The title is in rustic capitals, and is framed by a L-shaped frame with a concave semi-circle in its corner, typically used by Coleman. It is in brown ink, paler than the ink of the main text.

Bibliography:

EM Project facsimile, CUL Kk.3.18, fol. 85r

Miller 1959-63, II, 508

Title (B.27.1.3.EM): Directions to readers, Scribbles: Coleman: Note to Book 5, Chapter 13

Addition: Sumes goodes mannes gesihðe . be heofene r [ice]  | ˥ be helle ƿite · ræd hit · ˥ ƿell understond. ˥ þ [u]  | bist þe betere.

Text Language: English

Date: s. xi2

Hand: Coleman

Note: The note is in minuscule, framed by a L-shaped frame with a concave semi-circle in its corner, typically used by Coleman, and added interlinearly at a chapter division. The name of the scribe appears in the left margin (see the next item). It is in very dark black ink.

Bibliography:

EM Project facsimile, CUL Kk.3.18, fol. 87v

Miller 1959-63, II, 532

Title (B.27.1.4.EM): Directions to readers, Scribbles: Coleman: A signature by Coleman

Addition: [cplfm] bn

Text Language: English

Date: s. xi2

Hand: Coleman

Note: The name of the scribe, Coleman, appears in the left margin. He has contrived a slightly disguised form of his name by substituting consonants for the vowels (Ker, 'Coleman', 1949, p. 29). There is also a mark in the left margin which consists of the top horizontal bar and the vertical bar starting from the left end of the horizontal bar. It is in very dark black ink.

Bibliography:

EM Project facsimile, CUL Kk.3.18, fol. 87v

Johnson and Rudolf 2010

Ker, 'Coleman', 1949

McIntyre 1978

Stoneman 1987

Thomson and Gullick 2001

Title (B.27.1.5.EM): Directions to readers, Scribbles: Coleman

Addition:

• Fol. 55r/13-14: Additions and overwritten words are in darker black ink than the main hand (here represented in bold). The shape of 'ð' in 'forð' with a crossbar only to the right suggests that it was by Coleman. Also note that 'r' is much shorter than that by the main scribe, and the descender of 'f' is used as the insertion point.

  On þa tid ƿæs on myrcna mægðe ƿulfhere cyning þa [.]  ⁁ ƿæs forð  fere[dum?]  d  germanne myrcna | 

  bisceop[e?]  þa   bæd [he?]  se cing   theodory bisceop þæt he him ˥ his leodum bisceop funde.

• Fol. 55r/18-19: These additions are physically erased by a later hand, and are now unreadable. The descender of the first letter of the first addition seems to have been used as the insertion mark. These may be by Coleman, as they appear on the page which was annotated by him.

  sƿa xxx  osƿies rice ƿæs. þæs | 

  cyninges · ˥ forðón þeaƿ ƿæs . ðam ylcan arƿurð an xxxxxxx  ·ƀ· þæt he þæt ƿeorc ðæs halgan | 
   

• Fol. 55v/9-10: The æ with e which is the same height as aand s with a head which finishes with a tick to the left suggest that 'þæs' may be by Coleman rather than the main scribe. The descender of þ is used as an insertion point. The insertion points of 'g' in Caroline form and 'ge' in Insular form are also marked with the descenders of g. These additions are in scratchy black ink.

  & tempus colli g  endi :; þæt tid ƿære stanas to sendanne ˥ tid to somni | 

  enne. þa com mycel ƿal ˥ monn cƿyld godcundlice ge   sended · þæt ðurh þæs  lichoman | 

  deað þalifigendan stanas þære cyricean of

• Fol. 88v/9: Shape of ð and a suggests that this was by Coleman. It is in scratchy brown ink.

  seaðes ; ða  geseah ic ˥

• Fol. 88v/11 right margin: Shapes of æ and long s suggest that this may be by Coleman. In pale brown ink.

  ƿæron eft áslidene on neoƿolnesse ˥ on grund þæs py [ttes] 

• Fol. 88v/13: Mid þy ic ða longe þær forht stod · ˥ afæred .  ˥ me ƿæs uncuð
• Fol. 88v/24: ˥ ful fyr , eade  of heora muðe
• Fol. 89v/1: ða  Andsƿarede ic him ·
• Fol. 89v/24: Forðon þe ic lust fulliende þære stoƿe sƿetnesse ƿæs  ˥ ƿlite ðeic þær geseah ·
• Fol. 90v/1: nalæs his drohtnunge ˥ his lif monegū mannū ne eachiˉ syl fū bricsade. + freomede
• Fol. 90v/23: ⁁ nu to  fore minū eagū hæbbe .

• Fol. 91r/9:

  Ac on foð hine ˥ on þa | 

  heapunge eoƿre niðeruinge gelædað · þy cƿide hi instæpe ⁁ + mid þissū ƿordū .ʹ hi  frā minre gesihðe geƿiton ·

Text Language: English

Date: s. xi2

Hand: Coleman: some certainly and some probably by him.

Note: It is not always possible to be absolutely certain about the attribution of the hand, particularly when additions are as short as few letters or a word. These additions and alterations are categorized as Coleman's on palaeographical grounds and also by examining the colour of the ink. The last three examples (fols 90v/1, 90v/23, 91r/9) are in a very irregular hand, and they may not be by Coleman, while he might have been responsible for other additions not listed here. Coleman may be also responsible for adding some cross-shaped marks and some frames. See Johnson and Rudolf's discussion on the small superscript cross in Hatton 113 and Hatton 114, and also 'a typical non-circled frame' in Otho C. i, and compare them with marks in Kk. 3. 18, for example, the cross marks in fol. 91r/23-24; or the frame in fol. 89v/30. Frames emphasized in various ways on fols 7r, 28v, 34r, 41r, 64r, 89v.

Bibliography:

Johnson and Rudolf 2010

Miller 1959-63, II, p. 532

Schipper 1897-99, p. 612

Scragg, Rumble, and Powell, C11 Database Project

Title (B.27.4.4.EM): Additions, alterations and glosses

Addition: Listed here are only some selected examples of additions, glosses and alterations by this scribe. Other possible additions by this scribe include 'ge' in fols 12r/23, 23r/2, 23r/2, 57v/19, 67r/16, 70v/08, 71r/6, 73r/14, 87v/4, 87v/11; 'þæes' in fol. 52r/22, 'þa' in fol. 52r/23, 'geth' in fol. 75v/14, 'ges' in fol. 93v/18, and so on.

• Fol. 28r/1: cyninga heretogena
• Fol. 30v/15: on fengon ⁁ þā gerynd  cristes
• Fol. 35v/2: þa hiƿan gebroðrā
• Fol. 38v/3-6: þa hlihte he sona ˥ het þam ðear | fan þæt hors syllan mid þā cynelican gebæcum rædum  þe hi onstodon · forðon + + he ƿæs sƿiðe mild heort | ˥ þearfena bigenga sƿa | sƿa fæder earmra ; Ƿa |   þe þis ƿæs þam cyninge sæd cƿˉ he to þā ·ƀ· þa hi ƿæron to heora sƿæsendū ⁁ gereordum  | gongende · (the cross mark is used to indicate the insertion point.)
• Fol. 42v/7: spellican lare ⁁ georne  ƿið fealh

Text Language: English

Date: s. xi2

Hand: 5-shaped-'g' scribe

Bibliography:

EM Project facsimile, CUL Kk.3.18, fol. 38v

Title (B.27.4.5.EM): Additions, alterations and glosses

Addition:

• Fol. 20v/26: þæt he ·xxvi· six ˥ twentig  ƿintra
• Fol. 30r/14: stoƿe ˥ biscopseld setl  on lindesfearon
• Fol. 72r/2: maþonne ·xxx· þrittig  ƿintra
• Fol. 84v/7: Ƿunode þes godes ƿer in biscop | hade ·xxxiii· þreo ˥ þrittig  ƿintra ˥ sƿa ƿæs astigende
• Fol. 92v/22: to rome com to þā halgum  stoƿū sceare onfeng ·

Text Language: English

Date: s. xi2

Hand: Straight 5-shaped 'g' Scribe

Note: Some other glosses and additions might be also by this scribe: for example, fols 7r/24, 58v/9, 63r/2.

Bibliography:

EM Project facsimile, CUL Kk.3.18, fol. 20v fol. 84v

Title: Running Titles

Text Language: Latin

Date: s. xi2

Hand: Running Title

Note: Book numbers in rustic capitals are given as the running title at the head of the page throughout. Compared to the carefully arranged layout of the main text, the book numbers are written rather irregularly. Book 1, for example, is mostly written as 'LIBER PRIMUS' on one page, but sometimes 'LIBER ·I·' (fol. 11v), and sometimes 'LIBER' on the verso and 'PRIMUS' on the recto (fols 14v-15r). The letters are not in a straight line. Chapter numbers are given in red ink at the end of the final line of the previous chapter. Although Rudolf 2006 suggests that the Interrogationes Augustinni et responsiones Gregorii are highlighted by 'a separate running title', the palaeographical information suggests that the titles are by the same hand. The chapter headings inserted at chapter breaks in fols 48r-53v are also by the same hand.

Bibliography:

EM Project facsimile, CUL Kk.3.18, fol. 20v, fol. 38v, fol. 84v,fol. 85r, fol. 87v

Rudolf 2006